Sources
Alcohol Sources
Safety
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Hingson R.W., Zha W., Weitzman E.R. Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24, 1998-2005. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl. 2009 Jul; (16): 12–20.
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Naeger, S. Emergency department visits involving underage alcohol misuse: 2010 to 2013. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2017.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Average for the United States 2006-2010 alcohol-attributable deaths due to excessive alcohol use: Under 21. Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) application. 2013.
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Shillington A.M., Clapp J.D. Substance use problems reported by college students: combined marijuana and alcohol use versus alcohol-only use. Subst Use Misuse. 2001 Apr; 36(5):663-72
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Grondel D.T., Hoff S., Doane D. Marijuana use, alcohol use, and driving in Washington state: Emerging issues with poly-drug use on Washington roadways. Washington Traffic Safety. 2018 Apr.
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Washington State Department of Health. Hospital discharge data. Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System (CHARS). March 2019.
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Washington Traffic Safety Commission, Research and Data Division. Crash data. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). March 2019.
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Washington Traffic Safety Commission. Young Drivers (15-24) Involved in Fatal Crashes. August 9, 2024.
Health
- Grant B.F., Stinson F.S., Dawson D.A., et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Aug; 61(8):807–816.
- McKinney A, Coyle K. Alcohol hangover effects on measures of affecting the morning after a normal night's drinking. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2006 Jan; 41(1):54–60.
- Alcohol and Rehab Guide. The relationship between alcoholism and suicide. 2019.
- Quit Alcohol. Alcohol and suicide—an unfortunate relationship. 2016.
- Montgomery County Emergency Service, Inc. Facts about alcohol and suicide.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol’s Effects on Health. Updated: August 2024.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Surveillance Report #118. Liver Cirrhosis Mortality In The United States: National, State, and Regional Trends, 2000–2019. Chiung M. Chen, M.A. and Young-Hee Yoon, Ph.D. February 2022.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance use and suicide: A nexus requiring a public health approach. 2016.
- Smith J.P., Randall C.L. Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol Res. 2012; 34(4):414-31.
- The University of Washington, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors. Washington Young Adult Health Survey. 2017.
- Washington Young Adult Health Survey Frequency Report, Cohort 10. Kilmer et. al (2023).
Academics
- Wolaver, A. M. Effects of heavy drinking in college on study effort, grade point average, and major choice. Contemporary Economic Policy. 2002 Oct; 20: 415-428.
- Martinez J.A., Sher K.J., Wood P.K. Is heavy drinking really associated with attrition from college? The alcohol-attrition paradox. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008 Sep; 22(3):450-6.
- Wechsler H., Dowdall G.W., Maenner G., et al. Changes in binge drinking and related problems among American college students between 1993 and 1997: Results of the Harvard School of Public Health college alcohol study. Journal of American College Health. 1998; 47(2):57– 68.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. College drinking. 2015 Dec.
Physical Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol’s effects on the body.
- Tapper E.B., Parikh N.D. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study. BMJ. 2018 July; 36:k2817
- Mellinger J. L., Shedden K., Winder G. S., Tapper E., Adams M., Fontana R. J., Volk M. L., Blow F. C., Lok A. S. The high burden of alcoholic cirrhosis in privately insured persons in the United States. Hepatology. 2018 March; 68: 872-882.
- Wolaver A.M. Effects of heavy drinking in college on study effort, grade point average, and major choice. Contemp Econ Policy. 2002; 20(4):415-428.
- Arria A.M., O'Grady K.E., Caldeira K.M., Vincent K.B., Wish E.D. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and analgesics: Associations with social and academic behaviors among college students. J Drug Issues. 2008; 38(4):1045-1060.
- Williams J, Powell LM, Wechsler H. Does alcohol consumption reduce human capital accumulation? Evidence from the College Alcohol Study. Appl Econ. 2003; 35(10):1227-1239.
- Arria A.M., Garnier-Dykstra L.M., Caldeira K.M., Vincent K.B., Winick E.R., O’Grady K.E. Drug use patterns and continuous enrollment in college: Results from a longitudinal study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013; 74(1):71-83.
- Martinez J.A., Sher K.J., Wood P.K. Is heavy drinking really associated with attrition from college? The alcohol attrition paradox. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008; 22(3):450-456.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. 2010.
- CDC. Fact sheets—underage drinking. 2018.
- Tapert S.F., Caldwell L., Burke C. Alcohol and the adolescent brain—human studies. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
- Washington Young Adult Health Survey Frequency Report, Cohort 10. Kilmer et. al (2023).
Marijuana Sources
Safety
- Shillington A.M., Clapp J.D. Substance use problems reported by college students: combined marijuana and alcohol use versus alcohol-only use. Subst Use Misuse. 2001 Apr; 36(5):663-72
- Grondel D.T., Hoff S., Doane D. Marijuana use, alcohol use, and driving in Washington state: Emerging issues with poly-drug use on Washington roadways. Washington Traffic Safety. 2018 Apr.
- Washington Traffic Safety Commission. Young Drivers (15-24) Involved in Fatal Crashes. August 9, 2024.
Health
- Johnson S.B., Blum R.W., Giedd J.N. Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009; 216-21.
- Gogtay, N., Giedd, J.N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K.M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A.C., Thompson, P.M. Dynamic Mapping of Human Cortical Development During Childhood Through Early Adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004; 8174-79.
- Lenroot R.K., Giedd J.N. Brain Development in Children and Adolescents: Insights from Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006; 718-29.
- Jernigan, T. L., & Tallal, P. Late Childhood Changes in Brain Morphology Observable with MRI. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999; 379-85.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana. 2018.
- Meier M.H., Caspi A., Ambler A., Harrington H., Houts R., Keefe R.S., McDonald K., Ward A., Poulton R., Moffitt T.E. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct; 109(40): E2657-64.
- Radhakrishnan R., Wilkinson S.T., D'Souza D.C. Gone to pot: A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Front Psychiatry. 2014 May; 5:54.
- Prashad S., Filbey F.M. Cognitive motor deficits in cannabis users. Current opinion in behavioral sciences. 2017; 13:1-7.
- Wang X, Derakhshandeh R, Liu J, et al. One Minute of Marijuana Secondhand Smoke Exposure Substantially Impairs Vascular Endothelial Function. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2016; 5:e003858.
- World Health Organization (WHO). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. 2016.
- Moir David, et. al. A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2008; 21:494-502.
- Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. Evidence on the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke. 2009.
- Galli J.A., Sawaya R.A., Friedenberg F.K. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2011; 4(4):241-249.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Is marijuana addictive? 2018.
- Budney A.J., Roffman R., et al. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2007; 4(1):4-16.
- Winters K.C., Lee C.Y. Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: association with recent use and age. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007; 92(1-3):239-47.
- Olivier M, Ulf Z. “High” Achievers? Cannabis Access and Academic Performance. The Review of Economic Studies. 2017 July; 84(3):1210–1237.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana facts for teens. 2013.
- Washington State Department of Health. Medical marijuana: Qualifying conditions. 2019.